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Energy Systems - SAQ from AMIE Exam (Winter 2024)

Sketch electrical equivalent circuit of a photovoltaic diode and write the expression of the output current. 
\(I = {I_{ph}} - {I_0}\left( {{e^{(V + I{R_s})/n{V_T}}} - 1} \right) - \frac{{V + I{R_s}}}{{{R_{sh}}}}\) 
 
Make a comparison between horizontal axis wind turbine and vertical axis wind turbine.
 
State Faraday's law of electrolysis.
First Law of Electrolysis
The amount of substance (mass) deposited or liberated at any electrode during electrolysis is directly proportional to the quantity of electricity (charge) passed through the electrolyte.
 
Second Law of Electrolysis
When the same quantity of electricity passes through different electrolytes, the mass of substances deposited or dissolved is proportional to their chemical equivalent weights. 
 
What are various wind energy storage systems?
  • Battery Energy Storage Systems: These include lithium-ion, solid-state, and flow batteries.Thermal Energy Storage: This method stores energy in the form of heat.
  • Mechanical Storage: Examples include pumped hydro and compressed air energy storage.
Give Applications of Hydrogen-Oxygen Fuel Cell.
Hydrogen-Oxygen Fuel Cells power zero-emission vehicles (cars, buses, trains, forklifts), provide backup/remote power (data centers, telecom, homes, military), enable space exploration (Apollo missions, ISS), and offer clean energy for marine vessels, drones, and portable electronics. 
 
Give Limitations of Hydro-Carbon Fuel Cell.
  • Carbon Deposition (Coking)
  • High Operating Temperatures:
  • Low Reaction Rates and Power Density
  • Catalyst Poisoning
  • Efficiency Losses
  • Thermal Expansion Issues 
Write Disadvantages of Nuclear Fusion.
 
 
What is utility of fertile isotopes?
A fertile isotope is a nuclide that is not itself fissionable by thermal neutrons but can be transmuted into a fissile isotope (one that can sustain a chain reaction) after absorbing a neutron.

The two primary fertile isotopes are:
  •     Uranium-238 (²³⁸U) 
  •     Thorium-232 (²³²Th) 
 
Write Advantages and Limitations of pumped storage hydro energy systems.
Write Advantages of Nuclear Fission. 
  • Cheap energy resource
  • A low-emission energy solution
  • Works for a longer time
  • A Consistent source of energy
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