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Human Values and Professional Ethics (Short Answer Questions from B Tech Exams)

AKTU 2019

Define Swatva.
Swatva is a concept from Indian philosophy that refers to the inherent essential nature or essence of a thing. It is the intrinsic quality, characteristic, or identity that makes something what it is.
 
Define Happiness and prosperity.
  • Happiness is generally defined as a state of positive emotion, contentment, and well-being.
  • Prosperity is more objective and refers to the condition of thriving, flourishing, or being successful, especially in a material or financial sense.
What is Imagination?
Imagination is the mental ability to generate, manipulate, and recall sensory experiences, ideas, and mental images that are not immediately present to the senses.
 
Define Sensation.
Sensation refers to the immediate and basic experiences of the world through our sensory organs and nervous system.
 
What do you mean by care?
Care refers to the attentiveness, responsibility, competence, and responsiveness shown towards the needs, vulnerabilities, and experiences of those who are dependent or in a state of need. This can include caring for children, the elderly, the sick, or others who require support and nurturance.
 
Define intention and competence.
  • Intention refers to the mental state or plan of action that precedes and guides a person's purposeful behaviour.
  • Competence is the ability, skill, or capacity to effectively perform a task or fulfil a role.
Define space.
Space is defined by the arrangements and interactions between material bodies, without any independent existence.
 
“As the seed, thus the plant”. Explain.
The core idea behind this statement is that the inherent qualities, potentials, and structural blueprint of the seed or starting point will determine the nature and characteristics of the final outcome or product. Just as the seed contains all the necessary information and programming to grow into a specific type of plant, the initial conditions and foundations of any process or entity will shape and constrain its subsequent unfolding and maturation.
 
Define Ethics.
Ethics is based on well-founded standards of right and wrong that prescribe what humans ought to do, usually in terms of rights, obligations, benefits to society, fairness, or specific virtues.
 
What is universal Human Order? 
“Universal Human Order” refers to an overarching framework, principles, or set of laws that are seen to regulate and organize human societies, behaviours, and institutions on a global scale.
 
These answers are taken from study material for B. Tech. exams for working professionals by amiestudycircle.com. With our study material which is prepared by IIT, Roorkee faculty (Retd.), no text book study is required.

AKTU 2021

Mention the four dimensions of a human being.
  • Physical Body: This is the tangible aspect of ourselves. It includes our organs, bones, muscles, and nervous system. Our physical body allows us to interact with the world around us.
  • Mind: This refers to our thoughts, feelings, perceptions, memories, and imagination. It's the seat of our intellect, reason, and consciousness.
  • Emotions: Our emotions encompass our feelings and moods, such as happiness, sadness, anger, and fear. They influence our thoughts, behaviours, and relationships.
  • Spirit (or Soul): This dimension refers to our sense of purpose, meaning, and connection to something larger than ourselves. It's the intangible essence that makes us who we are.
Distinguish between Happiness and Excitement.
  • Happiness is generally defined as a state of positive emotion, contentment, and well-being.
  • Excitement is a more fleeting and intense feeling of anticipation, eagerness, and arousal.
Mention the three purposes for which physical facilities are required by a human being.
  • Survival: This includes basic needs like shelter, food, and protection from the elements. Physical facilities like houses, farms, and clothing provide a means to fulfil these needs and ensure our physical well-being.
  • Health:  Our physical health is impacted by factors like access to clean water, sanitation, and healthcare facilities. These facilities play a crucial role in preventing diseases and promoting overall health.
  • Well-being: Beyond just survival and health, physical facilities can also contribute to our overall well-being. This could include spaces for work, education, leisure activities, and social interaction. Parks, libraries, and community centres are all examples of facilities that can enhance our quality of life.
Distinguish between Intention and Desire.
  • Intention refers to a conscious decision or plan to act in a particular way to achieve a specific goal or outcome.
  • Desire refers to a strong feeling of wanting or wishing for something to happen or to possess something.
What do you understand by the term ‘innateness’?
Innateness refers to qualities or abilities that are present naturally or by heredity, rather than being learned through experience. These innate traits are inherent and exist from birth.
 
List the three forms of disrespect.
  • Verbal Disrespect: This involves using hurtful words to diminish or harm others. Examples include name-calling, insults, offensive language, or raising one’s voice in anger.
  • Nonverbal Disrespect: Actions that convey disrespect without words fall into this category. Examples include eye-rolling, dismissive tones, ignoring someone, or using body language that shows indifference or contempt.
  • Interrupting: Interrupting someone while they’re speaking is impolite and disrespectful. It conveys disinterest in their words and hinders effective communication.
Compare the inheritance of Bio order and Physical order.
Bio order (Living things):
  • Genetic Inheritance: Traits are passed down from parents to offspring through genes encoded in DNA.
  • Variation: Due to genetic recombination and mutations, there's inherent variation within species.
  • Active Inheritance: Living organisms can interact with their environment and modify their gene expression to some extent.
Physical order (Non-living things):
  • Passive Inheritance: Properties and characteristics are not actively passed down from generation to generation.
  • Limited Variation: Variations may occur due to random processes during formation, but there's no inherent mechanism for change or adaptation.
  • No Active Inheritance: Physical objects cannot modify their own properties based on their environment.
Briefly describe the natural characteristic of the Animal Order?
  • Physicality and Mobility: Animals are primarily physical, material beings with a tangible, biological form. They possess the ability to move, either through limbs, wings, fins, or other means of propulsion.
  • Sensory Awareness: Animals are equipped with various sensory organs and systems that allow them to perceive and interact with their environment, such as sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch.
  • Instinctual Behaviours: Animal behaviour is largely driven by innate, genetically-encoded instincts and reflexes, such as feeding, mating, territorial defence, and parental care.
  • Adaptability and Responsiveness: Animals have the capacity to adapt to changes in their environment and respond to various stimuli, both physical and social.
  • Social Interactions: Many animals display complex social behaviours, such as forming groups, hierarchies, and cooperative relationships.
  • Survival and Reproduction: The primary drivers of animal behaviour are the needs for survival, self-preservation, and successful reproduction.
Define the word “value” and illustrate with one example.
The value refers to the principles, standards, or qualities that are considered important, desirable, or worthy of esteem. In other words, values are the beliefs, ideas, or ideals that guide an individual's or a society's judgment of what is right, good, or meaningful.
One example of a value would be the concept of “honesty.” Honesty is a value that is widely regarded as significant in many cultures and societies. It represents the belief that being truthful, transparent, and straightforward in one's words and actions is a positive and virtuous quality.
 
Assess how Utility value and Artistic value are related.
Utility value refers to the practical or functional value of an object or creation. It focuses on the usefulness, efficiency, or problem-solving capabilities of something. Artistic value, on the other hand, pertains to the aesthetic or emotional value derived from a work of art. It involves the appreciation of beauty, creativity, expression, and the ability to evoke emotions or convey ideas.
 
These answers are taken from study material for B. Tech. exams for working professionals by amiestudycircle.com. With our study material which is prepared by IIT, Roorkee faculty (Retd.), no text book study is required.

AKTU 2022

Foundation value in relationship is _____.
Answer: Trust
 
The four order of nature are ____, _____, _____ and _____.
Answer: Material Order, Pranic Order, Animal Order and Human Order.
 
Complete value in relationship is ______.
Answer: Love
 
Material order has the activity of composition and _______.
Answer: Decomposition
 
Nature is having recyclability and _______.
Answer: Self regulation
 
Describe the two domains of education.
Answer: Cognitive and Psychomotor.
 
List out three implications of value Education.
Answer: Character Building, Ethical Decision-Making and Empathy
 
What is animal consciousness?
Answer: Animal consciousness, or animal awareness, is the quality or state of self-awareness within an animal.
 
What is human consciousness?
Answer: To live with (i) right understanding (ii) relationships with humans and (iii) physical facilities is called human consciousness.
 
Human being as Co-existence of the _____ and _____.
Answer: Self (I) and body

These answers are taken from study material for B. Tech. exams for working professionals by amiestudycircle.com. With our study material which is prepared by IIT, Roorkee faculty (Retd.), no text book study is required.

Anna University 2020

Define ethics.
Ethics examines the rational justification for our moral judgments; it studies what is morally right or wrong, just or unjust.
 
What is service learning?
A significant character-development training is service learning. Instead of limiting the teaching activities to only the curricular subjects specified by the university, the institutions should strive in encouraging and training the students in several extra-curricular activities and service learning.
 
What is self-interest?
Self-interest is being good and acceptable to oneself. It is pursuing what is good for oneself.
 
Define moral dilemmas.
Dilemmas are situations in which moral reasons come into conflict, or in which the application of moral values are problems, and one is not clear of the immediate choice or solution of the problems.
 
What is meant by engineering as experimentation?
Before manufacturing a product or providing a project, we make several assumptions and trials, design and redesign and test several times till the product is observed to be functioning satisfactorily. Several redesigns are made upon the feedback information on the performance or failure in the field or in the factory. Hence, the development of a product or a project as a whole may be considered as an experiment.
 
What is the role of law in Professional Ethics?
Good laws when enforced effectively produce benefits. They establish minimal standards of professional conduct and provide a motivation to people. Further they serve as moral support and defence for the people who are willing to act ethically.
 
What is Collective Bargaining?
It is the bargain by the trade union for improving the economic interests of the worker members. The process includes negotiation, threatening verbally, and declaration of ‘strike’.
 
What is Conflict Management?
Conflict management is the practice of being able to identify and managing conflicts sensibly, fairly, and efficiently.
 
What is Moral Leadership?
Engineers provide many types of leadership in the development and implementation of technology, as managers, entrepreneurs, consultants, academics and officials of the government. Moral leadership is not merely the dominance by a group. It means adopting reasonable means to motivate the groups to achieve morally desirable goals.
 
What is the ethics of Ethics in Multinational Companies?
  • The business practices of the multinational organisations should improve and promote morally justified institutions in the host countries.
  • Multinational institutions should provide necessary safety for the workers when they are engaged in hazardous activities
  • The business practices of the multinational organisations should improve and promote morally justified institutions in the host countries.

These answers are taken from study material for B. Tech. exams for working professionals by amiestudycircle.com. With our study material which is prepared by IIT, Roorkee faculty (Retd.), no text book study is required.

Anna University 2021

Define Values and ethics.
  • A value is defined as a principle that promotes well-being or prevents harm.”
  • Ethics examines the rational justification for our moral judgments; it studies what is morally right or wrong, just or unjust.
Define Empathy and spirituality.
  • Empathy is social radar. Sensing what others feel about, without their open talk, is the essence of empathy. Empathy begins with showing concern, and then obtaining and understanding the feelings of others, from others’ point of view. It is also defined as the ability to put one’s self into the psychological frame or reference or point of view of another.
  • Spirituality is a way of living that emphasizes the constant awareness and recognition of the spiritual dimension (mind and its development) of nature and people, with a dynamic balance between the material development and the spiritual development.
List out few uses of Ethical theories.
  • Ethical theories help a person to arrive at a decision.
  • Ethical theories help us to choose what is appropriate for the given situation.
  • Ethical theories also give us a perspective on morality.
  • Ethical theories assist us in making reasonable choices.
  • Ethical theories are useful in solving some dilemmas.
What is Moral Dilemmas?
Dilemmas are situations in which moral reasons come into conflict, or in which the application of moral values are problems, and one is not clear of the immediate choice or solution of the problems.
 
Give the advantages of Industrial standards.
Standards can affect an organisation's quality, lead-time, supply chain management and costs. They make trade across international borders easier and promote global competition, having a positive impact on economies.
 
Comment on the code, ‘‘Engineers shall issue public statements in an objective and truthful manner”.
  • Engineers shall be objective and truthful in professional reports, statements, or testimony. They shall include all relevant and pertinent information.
  • Engineers may express publicly technical options that are founded upon knowledge of the facts.
  • Engineers shall issue no statements, criticisms, or arguments on technical matters that are inspired or paid for by interested parties.
What is meant by Safety? Give an example for relative safety.
  • Safety is the state of being free from danger. In the workplace, safety is essential to ensure efficient operations. Organizations should place a high priority on safety since workers who are exposed to hazardous conditions run the risk of getting sick or hurt. Employees should always feel safe at work, and employers should ensure this for all of their staff.
  • Relative safety is an expression of risk when the alternatives are compared among themselves as regards to their safety. For example, comparing the safety of travel by air, train, or bus between two destinations, say Delhi to Mumbai, or Chennai to Hyderabad.
Distinguish between Authority and Power.
Power refers to the ability or potential for an individual to influence others and control their behaviour. For example, a boss in a company has the power to set up regulations for the company's daily functioning. Authority refers to the legal and formal right to give commands and make decisions.
 
What is Environmental Ethics?
Environmental ethics is the study of (a) moral issues concerning the environment, and (b) moral perspectives, beliefs, or attitudes concerning those issues.
 
What is Expert Witness?
An expert witness not only gives evidence on what he has seen actually but also gives his own inference and reasoning on what might have happened by expertise based on systematic analysis and reporting.

These answers are taken from study material for B. Tech. exams for working professionals by amiestudycircle.com. With our study material which is prepared by IIT, Roorkee faculty (Retd.), no text book study is required.

BPUT 2018

In Ethics, a duty to avoid harm other people is called as ____ and a duty to ensure people what they deserve is called as ____.
no maleficence, Retribution
 
Ethical theories are divided broadly into two parts. ____ and ____.
Normative and descriptive.
 
____ act as guides for ethical functioning and provide deterrence to ____. A code of ethics, Wrongdoings
 
In the stage 5 of Kohlberg’s theory, individuals have a ------ perspective whereas in the stage 6 they have a ____ perspective.
Moral reasoning, self-chosen ethical principles of conscience
 
An individual’s or organization’s liability to shoulder the responsibility and the justification for the action performed is called as ____.
Accountability
 
Deontology is dedicated to ------- and act utilitarianism is propounded by ____.
Duty and intention, Jeremy Bentham
 
____ is passed by the Parliament to provide the practical regime to enforce right to information for Indian citizens.
The Right to Information (RTI)
 
____ refers to the numerous variety of life forms in an ecosystem.
Biodiversity
 
____ are granted for original inventions of products legally.
Patents

These answers are taken from study material for B. Tech. exams for working professionals by amiestudycircle.com. With our study material which is prepared by IIT, Roorkee faculty (Retd.), no text book study is required.

BPUT 2020

What is Rule Utilitarianism?
The Rule Utilitarianism theory, developed by Richard Brandt (1910-97), stressed on the rules, such as ‘do not steal’, ‘do no harm others’, ‘do not bribe’, as of primary importance.
 
What do you mean by Descriptive Ethics?
The study of people's moral beliefs is known as descriptive ethics. It keeps track of taboos, customs, and conventions. Descriptive ethics looks into people's ethical ideals or the actions that are prohibited in a society.
 
Differentiate between a Professional and a Craftsman.
  • Professionals: Typically have formal education and training, often in the form of college degrees, certifications, or licenses. This allows them to demonstrate their knowledge and meet industry standards.
  • Craftsmen: Traditionally rely on hands-on experience and informal training, passed down through apprenticeships or years of practice.
What is Phishing?
Phishing is a type of deception designed to steal your identity. It is like catching a large fish by offering a small fish as bait. The criminal sends you a message under a pretence such as your banker asking you to update your password, etc.
 
What are the similarities in engineering and other scientific experiments?
  • Both engineering and general experiments are based on the scientific method.
  • Both engineering and general experiments require critical thinking, problem-solving, communication, and collaboration..
  • Both engineering and general experiments can be used to solve real-world problems.
Write down the four different roles of media.
Media is essential to get updated about our large consumer-driven society in a modern way. Media constantly updates a person about every technical, political, educational, art, business, and every field of our social life. Media is also essential to spread advertisements about a product or other public elements.
 
What is whistle blowing?
Whistleblowing is the act of someone, usually an employee, reporting wrongdoing they witness within an organization. This wrongdoing can be: illegal, immoral, illicit etc.
 
What are the major skills required for an engineering professional?
To succeed in an engineering role, you will need the following skills:
  • People skills
  • Enterprise
  • Digital
  • Creative thinking
  • A desire to learn
  • Problem solving
  • Sustainability
What do you understand by IPR?
Intellectual property rights are the rights given to persons over the creations of their minds. They usually give the creator an exclusive right over the use of his/her creation for a certain period of time.
 
What is understood by Objective responsibility?
Objective responsibility refers to being held accountable for the consequences of your actions, regardless of your intent or mental state. It focuses on the outward outcome and establishes a clear link between your actions and a negative result.

These answers are taken from study material for B. Tech. exams for working professionals by amiestudycircle.com. With our study material which is prepared by IIT, Roorkee faculty (Retd.), no text book study is required.

PTU 2019

Physical facilities are necessary but ____ for humans.
Not complete.
 
To be in a state of liking is ___.
Happiness
 
Self-exploration is the process for ____ Education.
Value
____ is right evaluation.
Respect
 
Justice is Harmony in ____.
Relationships
 
Value Education should be rational.
True. It has to appeal to human reasoning. It has to be amenable to reasoning and not based on dogmas (views) or blind beliefs.
 
Natural acceptance does not change with time.
True. Natural acceptance does not change with time. It remains invariant with time. For example our natural acceptance for trust and respect does not change with age.
 
Human values are universal.
True. Thus, the universal human values are manifestations of the truth of existence, i.e. co-existence, in various dimensions of human participation in the existential order. These values are naturally acceptable to all human beings and conducive to human happiness.
 
Holistic technologies should be eco-friendly and people-friendly.
True. Holistic technologies should indeed aim to be both eco-friendly and people-friendly. Some key ways that holistic technologies can achieve this include:
  • Environmental Sustainability
  • Social Responsibility
  • Inclusive Design
  • Ethical Considerations
All the needs of self are quantitative.
False. Needs of the Self are qualitative in nature. Our feelings like happiness, respect and affection are qualitative and not quantitative. It simply sounds ridiculous if one says one kg of happiness, three litres of love or a ton of respect. So, feelings are only qualitative in nature.

These answers are taken from study material for B. Tech. exams for working professionals by amiestudycircle.com. With our study material which is prepared by IIT, Roorkee faculty (Retd.), no text book study is required.

PTU 2023

There are ____ orders in Nature.
Four
 
____ is the foundational value in relationships.
Trust
 
The process for value education is ____.
Self exploration
 
To be in a state of liking is ____.
Happiness
 
Right understanding + Relationship = ____.
Mutual fulfilment
 
Prosperity and wealth are equivalent.
False. Wealth and prosperity are often used interchangeably, but there's a key difference between them:
  • Wealth: Wealth is about the material possessions you have, often measured in money or assets.
  • Prosperity: Prosperity is a broader concept that encompasses well-being beyond just material possessions. It includes things like: Good health, strong relationships etc.
Giving all the priorities of Physical Facilities is living with Animal Consciousness.
True. Giving all priorities to physical facilities only, or to live solely on the basis of physical facilities, may be termed as 'Animal Consciousness'. Living with all three: Right understanding, Relationship and Physical facilities is called 'Human Consciousness'.
 
We must have food, water, air, and shelter to survive. If any one of these basic needs is not met, then humans cannot survive.
True. The difference between animal and human consciousness lies in the fact that the latter is based on rational consideration while the former is based on instant stimulus.
 
Amassing weapons is the best way of ensuring fearlessness in society.
False. True fearlessness comes from living in a society where people trust each other and feel confident that their needs will be met. Weapons may provide a temporary sense of security, but they don't address the root causes of fear and violence.
 
Natural acceptance remains constant with time.
True. Natural acceptance does not change with time. It remains invariant with time. For example our natural acceptance for trust and respect does not change with age.
 
Ethical Human Conduct leads to Mutual Fulfilment.
True. Ethical human conduct is a cornerstone of mutual fulfillment in relationships, communities, and society as a whole. When people act ethically, they build trust with each other. This trust allows for cooperation. Ethical conduct involves treating others with respect and fairness. This fosters a sense of belonging and reduces conflict. 

These answers are taken from study material for B. Tech. exams for working professionals by amiestudycircle.com. With our study material which is prepared by IIT, Roorkee faculty (Retd.), no text book study is required.

RTU 2022

What is the meaning of value education?
Value education explains certain fundamental issues which are important to all of us in our life - issues which directly relate to our happiness, our welfare, our aspirations, goals and success in life. In a sense, value education deals with what is universally valuable to all of us, what is conducive to our individual and collective happiness and prosperity in a sustainable way. It enables us to be in harmony within ourselves, with other human beings and with rest of nature at large.
 
What is the meaning of Natural Acceptance?
The process of accepting good things is called natural acceptance. For example, trust is naturally acceptable to you in relationship.
 
Explain the meaning of self(I)?
The concept of "self" refers to our sense of identity, a unique combination of our thoughts, feelings, experiences, and sensations that shapes who we are.
 
Difference between intention and competence?
  • Intention refers to the mental state or plan of action that precedes and guides a person's purposeful behaviour.
  • Competence is the ability, skill, or capacity to effectively perform a task or fulfill a role.
Define samman?
Samman (respect) is due regard for the feelings, wishes, or rights of others.
 
What is undivided society?
Undivided Society is the feeling of being related to every human being.
 
What is eco friendly production systems?
Eco or environmentally friendly production management is the manufacturing product with minimum exploitation of non renewable resources and conserving natural resources. Recycling is one example.
 
What is the meaning of harmony?
Harmony in human beings refers to a state of balance, peace, and coherence within individuals.
 
Difference between respect and differentiation?
When we are able to see that the other is similar to me, we are able to recognize the feeling of respect in the relationship. If not, we either hold ourselves, more or less than the other and this only leads to differentiation.
The key difference between respect and differentiation is that respect is focused on the inherent worth and value of an individual, while differentiation is focused on the recognition and understanding of differences between individuals. While differentiation can contribute to respectful relationships, it is not the same as respect, which involves treating others with dignity and honour, regardless of their differences.
 
Body is a material unit while the self is a conscious unit?
The human being can be understood in terms of a co-existence of two entirely distinct entities, namely sentient 'I' and material body. In addition to the body, there is also the aliveness of the person (talking, listening, walking etc.). This aliveness is called Jivana or self (I). Thus we say "I am so and so" or "I feel tired" or "I am happy" and not "my body is happy". This I or self is also called 'consciousness'. Hence we can say that "self" is a conscious unit.
These answers are taken from study material for B. Tech. exams for working professionals by amiestudycircle.com. With our study material which is prepared by IIT, Roorkee faculty (Retd.), no text book study is required.

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