Answer the following in brief.
Define Product Design Specifications (PDS).
Product Design Specification (PDS) is a detailed document that defines the complete requirements, constraints, and desired characteristics of a product to be designed. It serves as a definitive reference throughout the design process, ensuring that the final product meets the intended purpose and stakeholder needs.
What is the role of database management systems in computer-integrated manufacturing (C1M)?
Computer-Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) is a manufacturing approach that uses computers to integrate and automate all aspects of production, from design and planning to execution, quality control, and business functions, often through a centralized or common database.Database Management Systems (DBMS) play a pivotal role in CIM by serving as the backbone for data integration, storage, retrieval, and sharing across the entire manufacturing enterprise.
List two advantages of modular design.
- Ease of Maintenance and Repair: Modules can be independently replaced, upgraded, or repaired without disrupting the entire system. This reduces downtime, simplifies troubleshooting, and lowers lifecycle costs.
- Flexibility and ScalabilityModular: designs allow products or systems to be easily customized, expanded, or reconfigured by adding, removing, or swapping modules. This supports product variety, future upgrades, and adaptation to changing user needs.
Differentiate between sand casting and investment casting.
Sand casting uses a reusable pattern pressed into a sand mold to create a cavity for molten metal, making it a cost-effective and versatile process ideal for large, heavy parts with relatively simple geometries, though with a rougher surface finish. In contrast, investment casting employs a disposable wax pattern coated in a ceramic shell to form the mold; the wax is melted out before pouring, allowing for exceptionally intricate designs, tight tolerances, and smooth finishes, but at a higher cost and for typically smaller, complex parts like turbine blades or jewelry.
What is robust design?
Robust design is an engineering methodology focused on creating products, processes, or systems that perform consistently and reliably even when subjected to variations or "noise" factors—such as manufacturing tolerances, environmental conditions (e.g., temperature, humidity), material degradation, or user behavior. The goal is to minimize sensitivity to these uncontrollable variations while achieving the target performance at low cost.The concept is most famously associated with Genichi Taguchi, a Japanese engineer.
Name two unconventional machining processes.
Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) and Ultrasonic Machining (USM).
What is the purpose of a CRO (Cathode Ray Oscilloscope) in instrumentation?
The purpose of a Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO) in instrumentation is to visually display and analyze the waveform of electrical signals as a function of time (or another signal), enabling precise measurement and diagnosis of signal characteristics.
Define Group Technology (GT).
Group Technology (GT) is a manufacturing philosophy and methodology that identifies and groups similar parts or processes based on their design attributes, manufacturing requirements, or both, to take advantage of their commonalities in production.
Why is process planning important in manufacturing?
Process planning is a critical link between product design and physical manufacturing. It is important because it directly impacts cost, quality, efficiency, and lead time.
What are AGVs in automation?
AGV stands for Automated Guided Vehicle — a mobile robot used in industrial automation to transport materials, goods, or products autonomously within a facility, without direct human intervention.
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