Answer the following in brief:
How Fixed Carbon is determined? What are its Benefits?
The fixed-carbon content of a coal is determined by subtracting the percentages of moisture, volatile matter, and ash from a sample.
The % of fixed carbon is calculated as % of fixed carbon
The % of fixed carbon is calculated as % of fixed carbon
= 100 - [% of moisture + % of volatile matter + % of ash]
The % of fixed carbon increases the ranking of coal because the more is the amount of fixed carbon higher will be the calorific value of coal and quality of coal will also be better. At the same time it helps in designing of furnace and fire box.
List Advantages and Disadvantages of Nuclear Fusion.
Pros of nuclear energy:
1. Carbon-free electricity
2. Small land footprint
3. High power output
4. Reliable energy source
Cons of nuclear energy:
1. Uranium is technically non-renewable
2. Very high upfront costs
3. Nuclear waste
4. Malfunctions can be catastrophic
Pros of nuclear energy:
1. Carbon-free electricity
2. Small land footprint
3. High power output
4. Reliable energy source
Cons of nuclear energy:
1. Uranium is technically non-renewable
2. Very high upfront costs
3. Nuclear waste
4. Malfunctions can be catastrophic
What are the Advantages of Hydroelectricity?
- Renewable. Hydropower is completely renewable, which means it will never run out unless the water stops flowing.
- Emission Free. The creation of hydroelectricity does not release emissions into the atmosphere.
- Reliable. Hydropower is, by far, the most reliable renewable energy available in the world. Unlike when the sun goes down or when the wind dies down, water usually has a constant and steady flow 24/7.
- Adjustable. Since hydropower is so reliable, hydro plants can actually adjust the flow of water. This allows the plant to produce more energy when it is required or reduce the energy output when it is not needed.
Sketch electrical equivalent circuit of Photodiode. Explain it.
List all components of Fuel Cell.
Derive the expression for Turbine Power in the case of Wind Turbtnes.
P = (1/2)ρAV3
Where:
P = Power (watts)
ρ (rho) = Air density (kg/m³)
A = Rotor swept area (m²)
V = Wind speed (m/s)
Make a Comparison of Geothermal Power Plant and Conventional Thermal Power Plant.
What is the Site Selection Criterion in case of Tidal Energy Power Plants.
Several factors are considered when evaluating potential sites for tidal power generation:
A fluidized bed is created when a gas is passed through a bed of solid particles at a high enough velocity. The gas flow causes the particles to become suspended in the gas stream, like a fluid. This allows for better mixing of the fuel and air, which leads to more efficient combustion. The high temperature of the fluidized bed also helps to break down pollutants, such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides.
Several factors are considered when evaluating potential sites for tidal power generation:
- Adequate Tidal Range: The difference in water level between high tide and low tide, known as the tidal range, is the primary driving force for tidal power. A large tidal range is essential to generate a significant amount of energy.
- Suitable Basin Morphology: The site should have a natural or easily constructible basin where water can be impounded. This basin needs to be large enough to store a substantial volume of water to ensure continuous power generation during the tidal cycle.
- Favorable Geology: The geological conditions of the site must be stable enough to support the construction of heavy civil structures like barrages, turbines, and powerhouses.
- Environmental Impact: The project's potential impact on the local ecosystem, including marine life, sediment transport, and coastal habitats, must be carefully assessed and deemed environmentally acceptable.
- Economic Feasibility: The overall cost of developing the site, including construction, equipment, transmission lines, and operation, should be reasonable compared to the potential energy output and market value.
- Proximity to Grid: The site should be reasonably close to existing electrical transmission infrastructure to minimize the cost of connecting the power plant to the grid.
A fluidized bed is created when a gas is passed through a bed of solid particles at a high enough velocity. The gas flow causes the particles to become suspended in the gas stream, like a fluid. This allows for better mixing of the fuel and air, which leads to more efficient combustion. The high temperature of the fluidized bed also helps to break down pollutants, such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides.
How energy is released by the Fuel Isotope in a Nuclear Fission process?
In nuclear fission, a heavy fuel nucleus (like Uranium-235) absorbs a neutron, becomes unstable, and splits (fissions) into smaller nuclei (fission products) and more neutrons, releasing enormous energy because the total mass of the products is less than the original, with the "missing" mass converted to energy (E = mc2). This energy appears as kinetic energy of the fission fragments, heat, gamma rays, and energy carried by the released neutrons, which then cause further fissions in a chain reaction.
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